The Wistar Institute Symposium (1966). A milestone meeting was the four-day Wistar Institute Symposium, held in Philadelphia in April 1966. A number of mathematicians, familiar with biological problems, spoke—and clearly refuted neo-Darwinism in several ways. An important factor was that large computers were by this time able to work out immense calculations—showing that evolution could not possibly occur, even over a period of billions of years, given the complexities of DNA, protein, the cell, enzymes, and other factors.We will cite one example here:*Murray Eden of MIT explained that life could not begin by “random selection.” He noted that, if randomness is removed, only “design” would remain,—and that required purposive planning by an Intelligence. He showed that it would be impossible for even a single ordered pair of genes to be produced by DNA mutations in the bacteria, E. Coli (which has very little DNA), with 5 billion years in which to produce it. Eden then showed the mathematical impossibility of protein forming by chance. He also reported on his extensive investigations into genetic data on hemoglobin (red blood cells). Hemoglobin has two chains, called alpha and beta. A minimum of 120 mutations would be required to convert alpha to beta. At least 34 of those changes require changeovers in 2 or 3 nucleotides. Yet, Eden pointed out, if a single nucleotide change occurs through mutation, the result ruins the blood and kills the organism! For more on the Wistar Institute, read the following book: *Paul Moorhead and *Martin Kaplan (eds.), Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution, Wistar Institute Monograph No. 5.(1968). Trilobites are small marine creatures that are now extinct. Evolutionists tell us that trilobites are one of the most ancient creatures that have ever lived on Planet Earth, and they lived millions of years before there were human beings. *William J. Meister, Sr., a non-Christian evolutionist, made a hobby of searching for trilobite fossils in the mountains of Utah. On June 1, 1968, he found a human footprint and trilobites in the same rock, and the footprint was stepping on some of the trilobites! The location was Antelope Springs, about 43 miles [69 km] northwest of Delta, Utah.

Antelope Springs Tracks

Then, breaking off a large two-inch thick piece of rock, he hit it on the edge with a hammer, and it fell open in his hands. To his great astonishment, he found on one side the footprint of a human being, with trilobites right in the footprint itself! The other half of the rock slab showed an almost perfect mold of a footprint and fossils. Amazingly, the human was wearing a sandal! To make a longer story short, the find was confirmed when scientists came and found more sandaled footprints. Meister was so stunned that he became a Christian. This was Cambrian strata, the lowest level of strata in the world; yet it had sandaled human footprints! (“Discovery of Trilobite Fossils in Shod Footprint of Human in ‘Trilobite Beds,’ a Cambrian Formation, Antelope Springs, Utah,” in Why Not Creation? 1970, p. 190).

The Alpbach Institute Symposium(1969). A follow-up meeting of scientists was held and given the title, “Beyond Reductionism.” But it only resulted in fruitless discussions by scientists who had carefully researched the problems with men who were desperately trying to defend evolutionary theories, against an ever-growing mountain of evidence to the contrary.

First Moon Landing(1969). By the 1950s, scientists were able to predict that, if the moon was billions of years old, it would have a thick layer of dust many miles thick. This is due to the fact, as *R.A. Lyttleton explained, that the lunar surface is exposed to direct sunlight; and strong ultraviolet light and X-rays from the sun gradually destroy the surface layers of exposed rock and reduce them to dust at the rate of a few ten-thousandths of an inch per year. In 5 to 10 billion years, this would produce 20-60 miles [32-97 km] of dust (*R.A. Lyttleton, quoted in R. Wysong, Creation-Evolution Controversy, p. 175).

Because of this, NASA first sent an unmanned lander, which made the discovery that there is very little dust on the moon’s surface. In spite of that, Neil Armstrong feared that he and Edwin Aldrin might suffocate when they landed. But because the moon is young, they had no problem. Landing on July 20, 1969, they found an average of 3/4 inch [1.91cm] of dust on its surface. That is the amount one would expect if the moon were about 6000-8000 years old (at a rate of 1 inch every 10,000 years). In *Isaac Asimov’s first published article (1958), he predicted that the first rocket to land on the moon would sink ingloriously in the dust, and everyone inside would perish (Article mentioned in *Isaac Asimov, Asimov on Science: A Thirty-Year Retrospective, 1989, pp. xvi-xvii).

Source: Evolution Handbook

 The Scopes Trial (July 10 to July 21, 1925) was a powerful aid to the cause of evolution; yet scientific discoveries were not involved. That was fortunate; since, except for a single tooth (later disproved) and a few other frauds, the evolutionists had nothing worthwhile to present (*The World’s Most Famous Court Trial: A Complete Stenographic Report, 1925).The ACLU (*American Civil Liberties Union) had been searching for someone they could use to test the Butler Act, which forbade the teaching of evolution in the public schools in Tennessee. *John Scopes (24 at the time) volunteered for the job. He later privately admitted that he had never actually taught evolution in class, so the case was based on a fraud; he spent the time teaching them football maneuvers (*John Scopes, Center of the Storm, 1967, p. 60). But no matter, the ACLU wanted to so humiliate the State of Tennessee, that no other state would ever dare oppose the evolutionists. The entire trial, widely reported as the “Tennessee Monkey Trial,” was presented to the public as something of a comic opera. (A trained ape was even sent in, to walk around on a chain in the streets of Dayton.) But the objective was deadly serious; and they succeeded very well. Although the verdict was against Scopes, America’s politicians learned the lesson: Do not oppose the evolutionists.

The Scopes trial, the first event nationally broadcast over the radio, was a major victory for evolutionists throughout the world. Ridicule, side issues, misinformation, and false statements were used to win the battle.

Click to see cartoon of Scopes Trial

Source: Evolution Handbook

Intelligent Design Outwits Evolution…Again

When it comes to theorizing the beginning of creation, Evolution just doesn’t add up.

By Scott McComas

When someone sees a watch, they know it has a designer and the designer created the watch for a specific purpose. When people see a flower, walk through a rain puddle, or experience the beauty of a rainbow they dismiss God involvement. But God created our universe and everything in it for specific purposes. Today, many refer to God’s six-day creation as Intelligent Design. Just examining the capabilities of a human eye is cause to believe in Intelligent Design. Yet, when many people see our earth and the diversity of life displayed here, they chalk it up to anything but Intelligent Design.

Scientists have repeatedly stated that God didn’t create this world. Evolution is the mainstream explanation for our complex universe of order, design, and natural law. This theory of gradual evolution has permeated today’s society and taught in schools across the globe. There are a number of observations found in the universe that seem to contradict what evolutionists have been teaching. Evolution is based on major assumptions that scientists depend on to bridge gaps in their theory.

THE BIG BANG
The Big Bang has to be the most productive explosion since… well… the beginning of the universe. What is an explosion designed to accomplish? Consider Mount St. Helens erupting, dynamite in the side of a mountain, or simply lighting a firecracker, what do they bring to the table, order or destruction? In fact, an area for miles around Mount St Helens was referred to as "the dead zone". The simple truth is an explosion has never produced a more efficient, better organized environment. Yet, scientific articles repeatedly refer to the Big Bang (the very first explosion) to explain the origins of God’s intelligently designed, orderly universe.

TIME
Evolution requires a massive amount of time. To illustrate, scientists continue to increase the Earth’s age to accommodate their evolutionary theory. In the 19th century, it was thought the Earth may be 70 million years old. During the 20th century, the Earth was now 1 billion years old. And today, the scientists estimate the Earth is now 4-6 billion years old and the universe is in the region of 14 billion years old.

RANDOM CHANCE
The next ingredient in evolution is pure random chance. The random chance of the Big Bang produced the complexity of all living creatures. Is that possible, statistically and scientifically speaking? Basic statistics prove when flipping a coin, you have a one in two chance (50%) it lands on heads. If you have three coins (one penny, one nickel, and one dime) in a cup, how many combinations are possible when you dump them on a table? A simple equation to solve this problem is written 3! or 3*2*1=6.

Let’s look at the probability concerning human evolution. Let’s start with the skeleton system. There is only one correct way the human skeleton system can be put together. If there are any bones missing or out of place, the skeleton will not function properly. The adult skeleton contains 206 bones. How many different combinations are possible with 206 bones?

• The equation is 206! or 206*205*204*203….*2*1=
• The result is 10 with 375 zeros after it

That’s a huge number to comprehend. Each time a new skeletal combination forms, it uses one "chance." Using one chance every second, it will take "10 with 375 zeros behind it" seconds to use all of the chances. How many seconds are in 14 billion years? Let’s start with:

3600 sec/hour
84,400 sec/day
31,563,000 sec/year

1 billion years? 32,000,000,000,000,000 sec (15 zeros)
10 billion years? 32,000,000,000,000,000,000 sec (18 zeros)
14 billion years? 45,000,000,000,000,000,000 sec (18 zeros)

One "zero" represents a unit of time. The skeleton needs 375 units of time to finish all combinations while the universe only has 18 units of time available. Statistically, the skeleton would have used approximately 5% of its "chances" in 14 billion years. That could happen, unlikely, but it could happen. The probability of evolution drops when other vital systems (respiratory, immune, digestive, nervous…) are added to the mix. Still yet, the probability continues its spiral when the random evolution of millions of parts of millions of organisms is squeezed into the same period. Take a breath and consider all of that evolution originated from the a random blend of chemicals, lighting, gases, smoke, mirrors, elbow grease and whatever else existed prior to the once-in-a-lifetime-self-organizing Big Bang explosion.

MUTATION
Mutation is closely associated with natural selection and both supposedly explain how organisms evolved. What is mutation and what does it actually accomplish? Aren’t true mutations rare and aren’t most harmful or deadly? Aren’t birth defects considers mutations? Can mutations generate positive changes to benefit any creature?

Let’s examine the great mutation research project. As Dennis Peterson highlights in his book, Unlocking the Mysteries of Creation, the fruit fly has been subjected to severe laboratory experiments and may be the most tested creature ever because of its breeding rate. For over 1500 generations, these poor flies have been exposed to chemicals, radiation, and many other tests trying to produce mutant offspring. Not one new and improved fruit fly was produced. In fact, the opposite occurred: distorted and damaged fruit flies emerged with crooked bodies, weak eyes, smaller wings, crippled with disease, etc. The point to remember is that a fruit fly remained a fruit fly; not a single one "evolved" into some other animal. "Fruit flies refuse to become anything but fruit flies under any circumstances yet devised."

Natural selection is an effective toll for those best suited to continue their kind. A frog with the wrong shade of brown is still a frog. There are over 200 different dog breeds today and yet they are all dogs. A Clydesdale and a Shetland pony are both horses. In The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Francis Hitching noted the Nobel scientist who said "Trying to improve an organism by mutation is like trying to improve a Swiss watch by dropping it… improving life by random mutation has the probability of zero."

CONCLUSION
Again, Dennis Peterson points out that the middle ages produced a theory everybody soon believed. The Theory: red meat spoiled and turned into flies. The Proof: all spoiled meat had flies on it. It was a proven fact, until Francesco Redi tested the theory in 1668. He gathered red meat, isolated it, and watched. The result, he found flies came from… wait for it… wait for it… that’s right, other flies. Who would have thunk?

The foundation of evolution can be reduced to three words – chaos created order. The spontaneous Big Bang explosion (chaos) started the random evolution of millions of distinct animals (order) is the exact opposite of Entropy – the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Even more difficult to reconcile is the speed these random events randomly create the intricate and complex world we live in today. The probability of one destructive "bang" setting in motion another random sequence that ultimately creates life is well… I’ll leave that to a statistician.

There are many mysteries of evolution that exist. The Bombardier Beetle and the giraffe are only two of many animals that could not have survived using the "trial and error" assumption of evolution. And curiously, what about the Neil Armstrong evolutionary leap to conclude that nonliving matter created living organisms? Bueller… Bueller… anyone? I choose to believe and apply the same principle when I sit down to eat dinner: when I see the food, I know someone created or made that meal. Food doesn’t randomly and spontaneously appear, does it?

"For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day…" Exodus 20:11